Margaret was born into the England of the Wars of the Roses and was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, one of Edward IV 's younger brothers and was of the House of York. Hilary Mantel. Reginald studied in Italy in 1521 through 1526, financed in part by Henry VIII, then returned and was offered by Henry the choice of several high offices in the church if he would support Henrys divorce from Catherine. She was a patron of the New Learning, like many Renaissance noblewomen; Gentian Hervet had translated Erasmus' de immensa misericordia Dei (The Great Mercy of God) into English for her. Thomas More: A very brief history June 29, 2017; Henry VIII's Westminster Tournament 1511 June 5, 2017; After Richard was killed, Margaret came to court under the new regime, and in September 1486 she attended the christening of Arthur, the first Tudor prince. On his accession he granted her an annuity of 100 a year and on 14 Oct 1513 he created her Countess of Salisbury and gave her the family lands of the earldom of Salisbury. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. https://www.thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618 (accessed March 1, 2023). Buckingham was alleged to have said that the lack of sons to carry on the Tudor line was Gods punishment for the imprisonment and death of the young Earl of Warwick. He did not struggle with the reduction in means, and busied himself with planning a tomb for himself and his wives , as well as defending his faith in various pamphlets. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16th century to hold a peerage in her own right. Henry Courtenay och Margaret Pole och fngslades i Towern. Margarets brother was 24. The grave of Anne Boleyn. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. On this date in 1541, 68-year-old Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury, was beheaded within the confines of the Tower of London, as befitted her rank. He would arrive unbidden, to either eat with the family or walk in the garden with More, his arm slung casually about Mores shoulders. Here's how the cast of The Spanish Princess compares to their real-life counterparts, from Catherine to Margaret Pole. Henry was negotiating a glorious marriage for Prince Arthur, to a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1876, during restoration work on the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, the bones of a tall, elderly woman came to light. Margaret Pole. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. He had an illegitimate son, called Henry Fitzroy, by one of his early mistresses. However, we should not assume that Mortons politics had any profound impact upon More. More's trial took place on 1 July. Mores beginnings, however, hardly predicted his spectacular career. For Mores part, he undoubtedly appreciated his second wifes superb housekeeping skills for they allowed him the freedom to pursue his increasingly successful career. It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. Margaret was now fully under the king's will, with no title or lands to her name, she was to be styled simply as Margaret Pole. The popular image is of a man principled, steadfast, courageous who placed his own conscience above his kings demands. Her many fortified houses and castles, the number of tenants she could turn out, the belligerent propaganda from abroad all these brought the whole family into deep suspicion. During her time in prison, Cromwell himself was executed. The trial of Sir Thomas More for treason opened in Westminster Hall on July 1, 1535. In April 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons. The hands are the standard-issue long-fingered type; a black ribbon, added later, may conceal damage to the paint. A third account in Burke's Peerage, possibly apocryphal, described the appalling circumstances of the execution. When Margaret was only four years old, her father was killed in the Tower of London where he was imprisoned for rebelling again against his brother, Edward IV; rumor was that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. After his death, and for centuries thereafter, Sir Thomas More was known as the most famous victim of Henry VIII's tyranny. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Please change your browser settings to allow Javascript content to run. Margarets later life, at least, is well documented, but we cannot approach her story from the inside. EXECUTED: 27 MAY 1541. However, things suddenly change in May 1541 when a decision was made to execute her. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. But he himself did not sign the letter in which most of Englands nobles and prelates petitioned the pope to declare the marriage unlawful. The skeleton was not complete, but part of the skull had survived, and certain other bones. This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. Margaret Pole was born about four years after her parents had married, and was the first child born after the couple lost their first child on board a ship fleeing to France during the Wars of the Roses. The veteran plotter Gertrude Courtenay was treated with clemency; unlike Margaret, she was not a free agent but a married woman subject to her husband, and not a claimant to the throne in her own right. His father was not supportive, but More was fully prepared to be disowned rather than disobey Gods will. Margaret remained in the Tower of London for more than two years. In: Ghosts and Hauntings. Gregory had been corresponding with Reginald; the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter (Henry VIII's first cousin and Geoffrey's second cousin), had turned up his name. It seems Margaret was questioned about her contacts with Barton, but she came to no harm as a result and, unlike Gertrude, she escaped without grovelling. His choice was Jane Colt, the eldest daughter of a gentleman farmer. And why such an obvious and clumsy admission? Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16 th century to hold a peerage in her own right. Margaret would have had a claim to the Earldom of Warwick, but the earldom was forfeited on the attainder of her brother Edward.[4]. By 1520, as an indication of the trust placed in her, she had been appointed lady governor to the Princess Mary, born in 1516 and the only child of the royal marriage to survive for more than a few weeks. Nothing worked. He never explicitly courted controversy, but he felt compelled to answer the reformers such as William Tyndale. My faithfulness stands fast and so, Joan, wife of John Langton. He grew up cultivated and cosmopolitan, sensitive, lively-minded. Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. International Birth date: February 7, 1478. 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Her London palace, Le Herber, stood in a busy mercantile quarter, approximately where Cannon Street Station is now, and she rented out the tenements around as workshops, stables and an inn. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." The Bishop of Rochester John Fisher is executed on the same charge. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. Reginald was present at the treaty negotiations. It took the inexperience executioner a grand total of 11 swings to finally sever her head at the neck . As a young king, he was named Defender of the Faith by the pope for defending the church against Protestant heresy; his Lord Chancellor was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Lewis, Jone Johnson. England became an embattled nation. Because she was a girl Margaret did not represent the same threat. It was time to be rid of Warwick. It was Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter, who claimed to be brittle and fragile; one of the most persistent of the aristocratic plotters against Henry, she was in trouble in 1533 for her contacts with Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, whose florid line in prophecy was discomfiting to the regime. The governors of Lincoln admired him enough to appoint him lecturer on law for three consecutive years. At this point, Reginald delivered him a nasty surprise, in the shape of a letter denouncing him as a schismatic, heretic and disgrace to Christendom: a Nero, a wild beast. Our Lady of Lourdes in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of . Margaret's only surviving sibling was Edward, Earl of Warwick. Henry and his ministers suspected Reginald of plotting to marry the kings daughter Mary, and unite her claim with his. Her mother died after giving birth to a fourth child; that brother died ten days after their mother. (Margarets paternal aunt, Margaret of Burgundy, supported Perkin Warbecks conspiracy, hoping to restore the Yorkists to power.) The threat seemed even greater by 1538, when the two great powers, France and the emperor, signed a peace treaty which left them free to turn their attention to the pariah nation. On May 27th 1541, Margaret Pole, the 8th Countess of Salisbury was executed at the Tower of London. For highlights from the latest issue, our archive and the blog, as well as news, events and exclusive promotions. Mr Buxton has returned to live quietly in Cranford following . Her heads. The little Earl of Warwick remained alive and shut away. In 1487, an imposter, Lambert Simmel, pretended to be her brother Edward, and was used to try to gather a rebellion against Henry VII. She was the niece of Edward IV and Richard III of England by way of their brother George Plantagenet, 1 st Duke of Clarence. by Susan Higginbotham. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. As his disgrace deepened, Margaret withdrew from court. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Eustace Chapuys, the imperial ambassador, recorded the Countess's execution in a letter to the Queen of Hungary: There is no greater tale of a father and daughter relationship than the story of Sir Thomas More and his Dearest Meg, his eldest daughter Margaret. He died young (about 1526) having married the heir of Roger Lewknor. But they have never been proven, and in fact they seem pretty far fetched. Afterwards, More's head was displayed on a pike at London Bridge for a month. After Henry VIII and then his son Edward VI had died, and Mary I was queen, with the intention to restore England to Roman authority, Reginald Pole was appointed papal legate to England by the Pope. Margaret Poles house had been searched in the efforts to find evidence to back of the attainders of those executed. letters@lrb.co.uk Margarets aunt, Anne Neville, thus became queen. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. Margaret was a daughter of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville. In 1509, when Henry VIII came to the throne after his fathers death, he married his brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon. When Arthur died in 1502, the Poles lost that position. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Quite the opposite. Pole, niece of both Edward IV and Richard III, was the only woman apart from Anne Boleyn to hold a peerage in her own right during the . Investigating An Anemometer. Margarets youngest son, Geoffrey, probably under threat of torture, denounced not only his own family but the Courtenay clan and other prominent members of the old families. Mores wife had been like most women of her time ill-educated, and during their brief marriage, he taught her Latin and other subjects. Abstract. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". Henry VII had Edward executed, leaving Margaret as the sole survivor of George of Clarence. But in the meantime, More had eighteen months of seclusion and study at his home in Chelsea. When she reached her teens, a marriage was arranged with Richard Pole, a modest landowner with solid Tudor connections, who had been rewarded for loyalty by being made constable of several Welsh castles. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. When not at Court, Margaret lived chiefly at Warblington Castle in Hampshire and Bisham Manor in Berkshire. It was also due to Henrys deep and unfeigned friendship with More. 28 Little Russell Street Illustrated statistics ; Map ; Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1 . Henry VIII was a Catholic ruler, and enjoyed friendly relations with the papacy until he sought to divorce Katharine. There was a new king, a handsome, athletic young man who had once been destined for the church. The sitter might as well be carved, for all she suggests flesh or circulating blood. Or was there, as she claimed, nothing worth burning? More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. He wore many hats: chief diplomat, speechwriter, advisor. But that was years in the future. In 1504, More was elected to Parliament and one of his first acts was to oppose Henry VIIs request of a grant of three-fifteenths. A Bill of Attainder disinherited Margaret and her younger brother, Edward, and removed them from the line of succession. 1 Through his father he was descended from Edward III's son, Thomas of Woodstock, and his mother was Catherine Woodville, sister of Edward IV's queen, Elizabeth Woodville; she afterwards married Henry VII's uncle, Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford. Art and science The German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints King Henry VIII. Apainting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. Her mother, Isabel, daughter of the above-mentioned "King-maker," died 22nd December, 1476, and her father in the Tower nearly two years later. Such was his reputation that the the great universities Oxford and Cambridge made him high steward. But Reginald stayed in Italy through the reign of Anne Boleyn supposedly preparing a learned statement on the kings case. London Review of Books, Sir Thomas having continued a Prisoner in the Tower somewhere more than a Twelvemonth, for he was committed about the middle of April 1534, and was brought to his Trial on the 7th of May, 1535. he went into the Court leaning on his Staff, because he was much weakened by his Imprisonment, but appeared with a cheerful and composed Countenance. Rather, he felt that he could be more effective in the city itself, not closeted away amongst the nobles and councilors of Henrys court. When Henry imposed an oath which recognised him as head of the church in England, the countess and her household complied. London, WC1A 2HN For a time, she and her younger brother were in the care of their maternal aunt, Anne Neville, who was married to their paternal uncle, Richard of Gloucester. Henry Tudor had the real Warwick in custody, and was able to produce him, so the rebellion came to nothing. The danger the Tudors saw lay not in the present disposition of the Pole family who vehemently protested their loyalty but in their claim to the throne, and in Reginalds actions while he was out of the jurisdiction. Margarets whole family had been elevated with her on the wheel of fortune. London Review of Books If my head should win him a castle in France, he told his son-in-law in 1525, it should not fail to go.). One of her children, Reginald Pole, would go on to become a cardinal, and then . Contemporary chroniclers often referred to him as a friend of the poor. Cardinal Wolsey and the king needed no further reason to bring More into the kings service. Looking to her last end, Margaret commissioned a chantry at Christchurch Priory. The alleged plot between the earl and Warbeck was flimsy and perhaps government-sponsored, but both men were tried and executed. As Englands premier intellectual, Mores opinion mattered. It states that Margaret refused to lay her head on the block, declaiming, "So should traitors do, and I am none". She held a noble title in her own right, and controlled great wealth, after she was restored to favor during the reign of Henry VIII but she became embroiled in the religious controversy over his split with Rome and was executed on Henrys orders. His natural piety was at odds with other courtiers, all of whom jockeyed ceaselessly for the kings favor. On the 27th May 1541, the elderly Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, godmother and former governess to Henry VIII's daughter Mary, was executed at the Tower of London. And because of his early education in religious matters, Henry was no mere spectator in religious debate. ODNB, which argues that the restoration was a tacit admission of her brother's innocence; however, lands and titles had been restored to the heirs of guilty peers during the previous century. Later, he would castigate her in the accents of a hurt child for what seemed to him abandonment, telling her that as she had given him up when he was so young, she should not interfere between him and his conscience. Through her website she keeps lively links with readers and writers. He was first appointed a Privy Councilor and accompanied Wolsey to an important diplomatic mission to Europe. They were charged with treason. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. Mores adolescent years were spent under the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. Reginalds brother Geoffrey was in correspondence with Reginald, and Henry had Geoffrey Pole, Margarets heir, arrested in 1538 along with their brother Henry Pole and others. She was later regarded by Catholics as such and was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII. He read anything and everything he could find on the subject. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. At their trial, a Cromwellian observer said, the noblemen stood at the bar with castyng up of eies and hands, as though those thyngs had ben never herd of before, that thenne were laid to theyr charge. If he had trusted her once, he no longer did so. She served later as a governess to Mary. But for the rest of his reign Henry VII would be plagued by pretenders, persistently rising from the dead. It was perfectly clear to any objective observer that the marriage was unlawful before God! Mores connection to Morton had earlier secured him admittance to Oxford, where he studied for two years, mastering Greek and Latin with an instinct of genius, and studying a wide variety of subjects, including music. Her son Reginald described himself afterwards as son of a martyr and in 1886, Pope Leo XIII had Margaret Pole beatified as a martyr. To help with her financial situation, she gave one of her sons, Reginald, to the church. 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